Our body has evolved to use a very efficient pair of hormones which signal the brain when it`s time to eat, or when we`ve had enough food. Leptin and ghrelin are the hormonal messengers responsible for our desire to eat, our craving for certain foods and whether we store excess calories as body fat or use it for energy. To prevent these hormones from becoming resistant and ineffective communicators, we need to follow a natural diet and lifestyle as our evolution prescribes.

Our Modern Diet Leads to Disease and Obesity
The vast majority of children and adults alike eat and live in a manner which is much different than our Paleolithic ancestors. The large number of calories we consume from processed food sources causes metabolic disruption and leads to disease and an early demise. Further, we eat at all hours of the day and night, continually digesting food and never allowing our body the chance to perform essential routine maintenance duties which can prevent illness.

Controlling Leptin and Ghrelin with Natural Diet and Lifestyle
After years of dietary abuse and poor lifestyle habits, our appetite hormones become resistant to the effects of excess food and fail to properly transmit signals to the brain. While researchers are still working to unravel the precise mechanism behind leptin and ghrelin, they do know that supplementing in pill form has no effect on weight loss or blood levels of the hormones. You can master your appetite hormones by following a diet rich in foods found in their natural form and by observing proper meal timing.

Stop Eating 3 Hours before Bed
Finish your last meal at least 3 hours before retiring for the night to allow digestion to complete. The body performs critical repair functions at night which can only occur on an empty stomach. Further, during the night hours your metabolism releases fat at the direction of your appetite hormones which only takes place when there are no readily available calories from a recent meal.

Eat 3 Properly Spaced Meals Each Day
Plan 3 well balanced meals a day and be sure to allow at least 5 to 6 hours in between. The timing between meals is important as it allows digestion to complete and blood sugar and lipid levels to return to normal. Avoid snacks of any type as this halts the release of stored fat and encourages weight gain.

Restrict Calories at Meals
Plan nutritionally balanced meals of 400 to 500 calories each, depending on your activity level. We haven`t evolved to properly digest large amounts of food at a single sitting, and this leads to malfunction of our appetite signaling mechanism. Eat slowly and chew each bite for 30 seconds to allow leptin to send the satiety signal to your brain.

Eliminate Sugar and Processed Carbohydrates
Refined carbohydrates and sugar laden foods wreak havoc on your blood sugar causing wild spikes which lead to metabolic dysfunction. Eventually this also disrupts the normal function of leptin and ghrelin as the hormones become less responsive to food intake. This is the beginning of the process which results in fat storage and obesity. Try eliminating all sugar and processed junk food for 2 weeks and find out how much better you`ll feel as you restore normal appetite control.

Leptin and ghrelin have evolved as a highly effective mechanism to keep us from starving to death in times of famine. Poor diet and lifestyle lead to the ultimate failure of this delicate signaling system, making weight loss an impossible task. Master your appetite hormones by following a naturally evolved diet and observe proper meal timing to reap the benefits of restored health and permanent weight loss.

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Most doctors are spending a good deal of time counseling their patients about diet and weight loss, but for the most part, it isn’t making any difference, according to a new study appearing in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine.

Duke University Medical Center researchers recorded the conversations between 40 primary care physicians and 461 of their overweight or obese patients over an 18-month period. Investigators didn’t tell them what they were listening for – only that they wanted to record the encounters to see how doctors talked about health. What they were really tracking, however, was how much time was spent and, specifically, how doctors talked with their patients about diet, exercise and weight loss.

Turns out, doctors talk about weight quite a bit. Physicians discussed weight with patients in 69 percent of the encounters.

“We found that on average, physicians spent about three and a half minutes talking about diet and weight loss,” says Kathryn Pollak, PhD, a member of the Cancer Prevention Program in the Duke Comprehensive Cancer Center and the lead author of the study. “That may not sound like much, but it amounts to about 15 percent of the time of the average office visit, which ran about 20 minutes. So the good news is, physicians realize how important the issue is, and they are making a point to talk about it.”

But the data showed that there was no difference in weight loss between those patients who received counseling and those who did not get it.

Investigators found a very different story, however, when they dug a little deeper and divided the doctors and their patients into groups according to communication styles.

They found that three months after the office visit, patients whose doctors talked about diet and weight loss in a more motivational fashion – using predominantly reflective or empathic statements — were much more likely to lose weight, compared to those whose physicians used a more judgmental or confrontational style of communication. Patients whose physicians communicated well lost about 3.5 pounds three months after the visit, which is substantial given most overweight and obese patients gain weight over time, says Pollak.

“Patients don’t like to be told what to do, and they are generally not going to question or talk back to their doctor,” says Pollak. “But what happens when doctors use reflective statements or a more motivational and empathic approach, it changes the relationship; the patient becomes more of an equal, more of a partner in care.”

“So, for example, instead of asking a question like ‘So, you can’t fit exercise into your day?’ a physician might say something like ‘It sounds like you’re finding it hard to find time to exercise.’ That kind of reflection seems to help patients open up more and give more meaningful information to doctors.”

Just over a third of the physicians in the study reported having some training in behavioral counseling, and Pollak says such instruction is becoming a higher priority item in traditional medical education.

She says the study is the largest of its kind and the first to examine not only the frequency of diet and weight counseling in physician office visits, but also the quality of the counseling and its impact on patients.

“Results of the study indicate that physicians may indeed have the power to help patients change their eating and exercise habits,” says Pollak.

She says future research should examine whether weight loss that resulted from the sessions can be maintained over time, and whether improving physicians’ training in behavioral communications would lead to more effective counseling and even greater weight loss.

Notes: The research was supported from grants from the National Cancer Institute and the Department of Veterans Affairs.
Duke colleagues who contributed to the study include Stewart Alexander, Cynthia Coffman, James Tulsky, Pauline Lyna, Rowena Dolor, Iguehi James, Rebecca Brouwer, Justin Manusov and Truls Ostbye.

Human embryonic stem cells recently celebrated the 10th anniversary of their discovery, and in the decade since their cell isolation they have possibly received more press coverage, both over their many potential applications as well as ethical concerns, than any other type of stem cell. In the last decade, much progress has been made in better understanding these cells and their capabilities. HESCs hold much promise not only for being cellular models of human development and function